June 2026
By Tonica González, Felipe Cordero, Alba Cárdenas (Polymer Char)
Polylactic acid (PLA) has established itself as one of the most in-demand biopolymers due to its biodegradability and versatility in medical applications, packaging, and 3D printing. The final physical and mechanical properties of PLA products are strictly linked to their molecular weight. Therefore, the precise measurement of intrinsic viscosity (IV) is an indispensable analytical parameter in both routine quality control and the research and development of new materials.
Traditionally, the characterization of PLA in solution (frequently using chloroform) has been performed using manual glass viscometers (Ubbelohde type). These conventional methods present significant operational disadvantages: prolonged exposure of analysts to toxic solvents, lengthy analysis times, the need for manual cleaning, and a considerable reliance on operator technique, which increases experimental error.
The Polymer Char IVA Versa analyzer offers a comprehensive and fully automated solution to these challenges. Based on proven dual-capillary differential measurement technology, the instrument enables the robust and precise determination of the viscosity of biopolymers and synthetic polymers, ensuring laboratory safety and maximum repeatability of results.
Unlike well-established polymers, for which dedicated standardized procedures for intrinsic viscosity determination are available, PLA currently lacks a specific international standard defining a reference IV methodology. Consequently, PLA characterization is generally performed following the fundamental principles of dilute solution viscometry described in ISO 1628-1, while the analytical conditions, including solvent selection and dissolution parameters, are adapted according to the polymer-solvent system. Therefore, demonstrating the precision and reliability of the analytical procedure becomes essential to ensure meaningful molecular characterization. The objective of this application note is to demonstrate the capability of the IVA Versa Analyzer to provide highly consistent intrinsic viscosity measurements of PLA in chloroform through the evaluation of repeatability and intermediate precision according to the concepts established in ISO 5725.
The IVA Versa has been designed to optimize the workflow in the polymer laboratory. Its key features include:
To demonstrate the capabilities of the IVA Versa in PLA characterization, a representative commercial sample was analyzed.
To calculate the viscosity-average molecular weight (Mv), the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation [𝜂]=𝐾·𝑀𝛼𝑣𝜂=K·Mv𝛼 was applied using the Solomon-Ciutà single-point approximation. The constants used for the PLA/Chloroform system were K = 1.31·10-4 dL/g and α = 0.759 [1].
The analytical performance of the IVA Versa for PLA intrinsic viscosity determination was evaluated following the precision concepts described in ISO 5725. Repeatability was assessed through duplicate measurements performed from the same solution under identical operating conditions, while intermediate precision was evaluated by comparing the average intrinsic viscosity obtained from independent sample preparations:
Table 1. Intrinsic Viscosity (IV) and Molecular Weight (Mv) results for commercial PLA sample.
| Vial | Concentration (mg/mL) | IV Injection 1 (dL/g) | IV Injection 2 (dL/g) | Difference (dL/g) | Average IV (dL/g) | SD (dL/g) | RSD (%) |
| Vial 1 | 4.995 | 1.0569 | 1.0445 | 0.0124 | 1.0507 | 0.0088 | 0.83 |
| Vial 2 | 4.997 | 1.0691 | 1.0565 | 0.0126 | 1.0628 | 0.0089 | 0.84 |
| Vial 3 | 4.998 | 1.0618 | 1.0502 | 0.0116 | 1.0560 | 0.0082 | 0.78 |
Table 2. Intermediate precision study for PLA intrinsic viscosity determination, based on independent sample preparations analyzed on different days using the same instrument, method and laboratory.
| Parameter | Value |
| Number of independent preparations | 3 |
| Average IV (dL/g) | 1.0565 |
| Standard deviation (dL/g) | 0.06 |
| RSD (%) | 0.57 |
The low intra-vial variability obtained for all PLA solutions demonstrates the excellent repeatability of the IVA Versa Analyzer. The combination of automated solvent handling, controlled dissolution conditions and dual-capillary differential viscometry minimizes experimental variability and ensures highly consistent intrinsic viscosity measurements.
When considering independent sample preparations, the intermediate precision remained at 0.57%, confirming the robustness of the complete analytical workflow. This result is particularly relevant for PLA characterization, where the absence of a dedicated international IV standard requires analytical methods capable of demonstrating their own reliability and consistency.
These results confirm that the IVA Versa provides a practical and reliable alternative to conventional manual glass viscometry, delivering excellent repeatability and intermediate precision while reducing operator dependency and improving laboratory safety and productivity.

Fig. 1.- Consistency of IV profiles obtained from independent PLA preparations.
Figure 1 shows the IV profiles obtained from six independently prepared PLA solutions. All traces exhibit very similar peak positions, peak shapes and signal intensities throughout the analysis range. The close overlap observed among the profiles indicates a high degree of consistency between sample preparations and analytical measurements.
No significant shifts, distortions or anomalous responses were observed, suggesting stable dissolution conditions and consistent instrument performance during the analysis sequence. The excellent agreement among the profiles is consistent with the low variability observed in the intrinsic viscosity measurements and supports the overall robustness of the analytical workflow.
Unlike other industrial polymers for which dedicated intrinsic viscosity standards are available, PLA characterization requires the adaptation of general dilute solution viscometry principles to the specific polymer-solvent system. Therefore, demonstrating method precision is essential to guarantee reliable molecular characterization.
The results presented in this study demonstrate that the IVA Versa Analyzer provides excellent repeatability and competitive intermediate precision for the determination of PLA intrinsic viscosity in chloroform. The fully automated workflow eliminates operator-dependent steps, improves laboratory safety and delivers reliable data suitable for routine quality control, research and development, and the evaluation of PLA processing and recycling operations.
1. Dorgan, J. R., Janzen, J., Knauss, D. M., Hait, S. B., Woods, B. R., & Kumpf, R. J. (2005). Fundamental solution and single-chain properties of polylactides. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 43(21), 3100-3111.